Cloister Walk Essays - Asceticism, Kathleen Norris, Nun, Celibacy

Cloister Walk In The Cloister Walk, American poet Kathleen Norris takes the reader through her experiences with life in a Benedictine monastery. She writes 75 short tales, each one dealing with a different observation.. One thing that appealed to me about this book is that Kathleen Norris isn't a catholic, nor is she very into church. Her experiences at the monastery help her better understand herself, as well as others. This paper will attempt to link my experiences with those of Kathleen Norris's and the Catholic Tradition. Kathleen Norris moves into the St. John's monastery and her book is based on her nine months there. She has a very poetic personality, and goes to the monastery in search of expanding her mind. She doesn't expect to find religious knowledge or to improve her relationship with God. "The monastic life," she says, "has this in common with the artistic one: both are attempts to pay close attention to objects, events, and natural phenomena that otherwise would get chewed up in the daily grind." There are a few main topics with which she pays special attention too, those of celibacy, community living, the liturgy, and time. Each of these topics relates very nicely to my experiences here at Notre Dame, as well as to different aspects of the catholic tradition. Norris has this to say about celibacy. "Celebate people have taught me that celibacy, practiced rightly, does indeed have something valuable to say to the rest of us. Specifically, they have helped me better appreciate both the nature of friendship, and what it means to be married." Although I cannot relate to the marriage aspect of this statement, I can relate to the friendship part. For 19 years of my life, I chose to remain celebate. The friendships that I formed in this time with members of the female sex have been very powerful. I can honestly say that I have experienced love without the physical part of my relationships being present. The perfect example of this is my best friend at Notre Dame. We can sit and talk all night long about absolutely anything, and we both know each other as well as ourselves. We help each other cope with the hard times, especially as of late, she has been at my side supporting and loving me the entire way. Should something physical step in the way of this at this point in time, I think that our friendship would be altered for the worst. This all relates to the Catholic tradition of remaining celebate until marriage. The reason the Catholic church does this is so people learn to develop emotional ties rather than physical ones. Should I ever marry this girl, it won't matter if there isn't any physical attraction because the emotional bond between us is so strong that we could most likely deal with anything. When Norris says "they(celebate people) have something valuable to say to the rest of us," she is putting the catholic church's feelings on the issue into layman's terms. Communal living is another topic that Norris has an opinion about. While she was living in the monastery, she was amazed at how the monks were all so diverse, yet they managed to get along well. As one monk told Norris "our biggest problem is that each man here had a mother who fried potatoes in a different way." Norris talks about how beneficial it was for her to live among such a diversified group of people because she learned to accept diversity. This is especially important here at Notre Dame. In my dorm room alone I have a roommate originally from Mexico, a roommate from Seattle, and a roommate from South America. Three different languages are spoken in my room and before this year I had never met two of my roommates. This has been my most gratifying year though in regards to learning to understand different types of people. Living with all different types of people for the past two and a half years has been a great experience and has helped me to grow as a person. I had to learn to take individual differences into account in order to live happily in the dorm. Catholics are taught the importance of friendship and understanding...something that communal living definately endorses. I feel the same way that Norris does when she says that she has grown as an individual simply through living with other people. The next topic that Norris talks about deals with that of the liturgy. Norris, being very poetic

E-tailing

E-tailing Retailing e-tailingLands' EndForwardThe company selected as the subject of this project is Lands' End. The criteria were:1. Size- Lands' End is probably the largest apparel retailer on the Internet2. Reputation- The company enjoys a sterling reputation with most of its customers3. Personal knowledge- the researcher is a long time very satisfied customer of Lands' End.4. Availability of information- The Company is now owned by Sears Roebuck who acquired it in June 2002. There is no current financial information available and historic results are difficult to impossible to locate. There is a good deal of information on the company's policies and business practices. This seemed more valuable for the purposes of this project than financial information.The company is interesting as a hugely successful Internet retailer built upon a history of success in other forms of retailing. It has also succeeded in utilizing the net in highly creative ways to overcome some of the difficulties inheren t in its chosen product categories.Sears & Roebuck founder Richard W. Sears spent his...What is e-tailing"E-tailing (less frequently: etailing) is the selling of retail goods on the Internet. Short for "electronic retailing", and used in Internet discussions as early as 1995, the term seems an almost inevitable addition to e-mail, e-business, and e-commerce. E-tailing is synonymous with business-to-consumer (B2C) transaction". SearchCIO.com (2006)E-tailing began to work for some major corporations and smaller entrepreneurs as early as 1997 when Dell Computer reported multimillion dollar orders taken at its Web site. The launch of the Lands' End site in 1995 makes it one of the pioneers among e-tailing pioneers. The success of Amazon.com hastened the arrival of Barnes and Noble's e-tail site. Concerns about secure order-taking receded. 1997 was also the year in which Auto-by-Tel reported that they had sold their millionth car over the Web, and...

Contemporary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Contemporary - Essay Example Psychologists and sociologists alike have been caught off guard by this young squad of activists. They have been studying this concept for long. In the United States alone, young people align themselves in the order of the side of the city they live in, the side of the street they live in, they side football teams, they cheer politically - in fact, they manifest our quest for sharing and caring and relate to the identity crises. The youth are on the constant outlook for idols to follow and adopt. This innocent psychological quest has often led to problems as well. Many a times, these gangs or group of like minded people are a law unto themselves. They run scare shows in the city and indulge in violent acts that lead to disruptions in civic life. The police department has always tried to view them as isolated incidents and have taken legal remedies to rectify the situation. But at the heart of the problem, lies the sociological influence of things. These incidents are not simply isola ted one-off kinds, but a growing social malice. In fact the problem is not even personal, its always the result of deep seated insecurity among the youth. In developing countries like India, China and much over Africa, these crowds form small islands of lawlessness who are patronized by the political community and take off to a career in crime.

Cloud Computing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Cloud Computing - Research Paper Example The reason for the study of â€Å"cloud computing† is to have a detailed insight into the history, significance, fundamentals, components, systems, methodologies, and implementation, and more related to cloud computing. This paper achieves this purpose by first discussing the history of cloud computing, followed by the discussion of its ramifications in the technology world, development of the system and its security, and relationship between agile software development and cloud computing. The history of cloud computing Although there is subjectivity about the exact time when the term cloud computing surfaced, yet it appears to have originated from the use of the stylized clouds drawings for the denotation of the networks in the diagrams of communication systems and computing. â€Å"Cloud† as a word is often used for the Internet metaphorically. The Internet is being represented by the symbol of a cloud since 1994. Since the prevalence of computers, technologists and scientists have been exploring ways to increase the availability of the power of large-scale computers to the users by means of such ways as experimenting with the algorithms for the maximal use of infrastructure, sharing of time, and the optimal use of applications and platform with the prioritized access to the central processing units. The â€Å"Dynamic Web† describes the process of development of the Internet from being just document centric toward its increased ability to render different kinds of services. This contribution particularly focused on the need for the meta-data that could describe the implementation details as well as other conceptual details of the applications based on model. The omnipresence of the high-capacity networks, storage devices, computers of low cost, utility computing, and the widespread adoption of the service-oriented architecture, and hardware virtualization are some of the most fundamental factors that have caused the growth of cloud computing. People involved in cloud computing include J.C.R. Licklider, John McCarthy, and Douglas F. Parkhill. Licklider brought the cloud computing’s concept to the forefront. McCarthy proposed that computation would be organized as a public utility in the future. Parkhill comprehensively discussed all the contemporary features of cloud computing in his book â€Å"The Challenge of the Computer Utility† (Banerjee, 2011). Hurdles in the development and implementation include but are not limited to flawed predictions of cost savings, increase in the cost of operation, lack of ability to comply with the requirements of growing capacity, chargeback, bandwidth, and scarcity of trained professionals in cloud computing. Another major hurdle is the security concern; the available offerings of cloud are public networks and hence increase the vulnerability of the system to the attacks. Ramifications of cloud computing in the technology world 1. Mobile communication The recent advances in the networks of mobile communication and the increasing popularity of the smart phones have empowered the users and caused a massive transformation in the mobile Internet. Nevertheless, the limited capabilities of information storage and computing of the mobile devices have traditionally served as big hurdles in the way of supporting the

No Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

No - Essay Example In discussing Tiffany in the context of the forces considered in performing and environmental scan, it has been evident that the last couple of years, politics and economics have continued to play a critical role in driving different companies in the jewelry industry so as to stay competitive. The issue of blood diamonds continue to elicit mixed reactions. The current economic conditions has made the jewelry industry face a downturn especially in occasions like the Valentine’s Day and Christmas. The risks that Tiffany needs to consider in conducting its operations include the abundance of counterfeit goods which is adversely affecting the sales of the branded accessories for Tiffany. This is further worsened by the increasing internet retailing which continues to make Tiffany’s efforts in fighting counterfeit goods more challenging and consequently makes the company to lose its brand equity hence a threat because of increases customer dissatisfaction due to the detrimental image of the company. Another threat continues to be the slowdown in the US economy which continues to depress the purchasing power of the retail customers hence having a counter effect on the growth of revenue and the margins of the company. The fact that this does not augur well for retail chains like Tiffany makes it threat that needs serious consideration. To establish whether TIF can take on more debt, we computed the company’s debt ratio or capital gearing ratio which measures the proportion of debt finance capital employed by the company. The debt ratio of Tiffany is 43.41% hence the company’s financial position as regards to debts is healthy as it is less geared. The debt equity ratio provides a measure of the proportion of non-owner supplied funds to owner’s contribution. Tiffany’s debt equity ratio is 59.25% meaning that the

Discovering The Gender Pay Gap

Discovering The Gender Pay Gap The problem of gender differences in salary raises a lot of concerns as to its factors, processes and measurement among social scientists and policy makers all over the world. Gender-based inequality is a phenomenon that affects the majority of the worlds cultures, religions, nations and income groups [5]. When scientists speak of the gender gap these days, they are usually referring to systematic differences in the outcomes that men and women achieve in the labor market. These differences are seen in the percentages of men and women in the labor force, the types of occupations they choose, and their relative incomes or hourly wages [4]. There have been significant increases in the labor supply of women in the last decades both in developed and developing countries. For instance, in the United States female participation in the paid labor force changed drastically in the course of the 20th century: in 1880 only 17% of all American women at working ages participated in the labor market, by 2000 this number had risen to more than 60% [3]. Nevertheless, the Global Gender Gap Index 2007 showing that no country in the world has yet reached equality between women and men the highest ranking country has closed a little over 80% of its gender gap while the lowest ranking country has closed only a little over 45% of its gender gap. Factors that describe the gender pay gap Among various factors that describe the gender pay gap the most important ones are historical, cultural and economic. Describing historical factors of the gender pay gap, we have to mention that after industrialization women became secondary workers in the labor market; they entered the labor market in smaller numbers and for shorter periods than did men. Moreover, occupations and industries were highly segregated by sex, partly because employers developed explicit policies to segregate the workplace and bar married women from employment [4]. Hence the wage structure changes over time but the historical evolution of well-defined systems of jobs and firms has created relatively stable segmentation by occupation. As for cultural factors, they are closely connected to the historical events. The development of modern family patterns during the past decades has been accompanied by substantial changes in social norms, values and gender relations all over the world. In most of modern societies women with higher returns to human capital and fewer children, increase their investments in education and their attachment to the market. The economic factors are also very important. Because women are very likely to interrupt their career for children bearing period, and employers avoiding workers with high quit rates (for economic reasons), therefore, women comparing to men are less likely to receive stable well-paid jobs. Micro-level processes that cause the gender pay gap As wage differences among workers can be explained by processes that match individuals to jobs, we should research how individual women and men are sorted into different positions and thereby obtain different levels of reward. Margaret Mooney Marini and Pi-Ling Fan have conducted a research The gender gap in earnings at career entry in which the micro-level mechanisms of the gender wage gap were investigated. Those are gender differences in job-related skills and credentials, adult family roles, work and family aspirations, the availability and use of information and influence via social networks; gender discrimination in hiring and job placement by employers. The results of the research showed that explanatory mechanisms focusing on the characteristics of workers explained only 30 % of the gender difference in wages. But the gender differences in aspirations and in job-related skills and credentials were the most important in accounting for the gender pay gap. The allocation of women and men to different jobs by employers, and informal processes of social contact and social interaction via networks play an important role in wage determination at career entry. Moreover, gender differences in family structure had no significant direct effect when the effect of worker qualifications and aspirations were considered [6]. How to measure the gender gap One of the instruments to measure the gender gap is the Global Gender Gap Index introduced by the World Economic Forum. This index is a framework for capturing the magnitude of gender disparities. It aims to be a tool for benchÂÂ ­marking and tracking global gender-based inequalities on economic, political, education- and health-based criteria [5]. The structure of this index is in the Appendix. In this paper we are interested only in the economic participation and opportunity analyzed by the Index. This area is captured through three concepts: the participaÂÂ ­tion gap, the remuneration gap and the advancement gap. The participation gap is captured through the difference in labor force participation rates. The remuneration gap is captured through a hard data indicator (ratio of estimated female-to-male earned income) and a qualitative variable calculated through the World Economic Forums ExecuÂÂ ­tive Opinion Survey (wage equality wages for similar work). Finally, the gap between the advancement of women and men is captured through two hard data statistics (the ratio of women to men among legislators, senior officials and managers, and the ratio of women to men among technical and professional workers). Conclusion The gender gap is a difference in outcomes that men and women achieve in the labor market. Because labor market rewards derive from labor market positions, it is important to understand why women receive less rewarding positions and what the mechanism of the gender pay gap is. There are historical, cultural and economic factors that influence gender pay gap. Historically occupations are segregated by sex, but women return to human capital more often than in the past and decrease their quit rates during childbearing period. Among micro-level processes that cause gender pay gap, the most important are gender differences in aspirations, job-related skills and definite social networks inclusion. In order to measure gender gap scientists use the Global Gender Gap Index which examines the gap between men and women in four fundamental categories: economic participation and opportunity, educational attainment, political empowerment, health and survival. Appendix. Structure of the Global Gender Gap Index

The Power of Language :: Communication Metaphorical Metaphors Essays

The Power of Language Metaphors are not only a powerful way of allowing people to visualize a message that a person is trying to convey, but they are also a creative way of putting things that we see or think about every day into a new light. Speaking metaphorically isn't always very effortless and it certainly isn't easy for the listener to make the connection between what you are describing symbolically and what you are actually saying. Many writers use metaphors because they are a unique and creative way to express common ideas and they can also be very fun. Metaphors can be positive or negative depending upon which way the author would like to go. In the articles on Science, we certainly were able to see several different metaphors used for various reasons. Particularly in the article, "The Body at War: Media Views of the Immune System" by Emily Martin we saw Martin draw a unique parallel between our bodies, (predominantly our immune systems), and larger issues concerning race, class and gender. This, like many metaphorical comparisons, might seem like an unlikely possibility for a connection, but once she begins to explain why she feels that the media's representation of our immune system is so closely related to other social issues we are forced to take a second look. The way in which Martin makes her comparisons, with her unique word choice and style, comes across as quite a powerful and convincing theory. Mary Shelly also touched on some metaphorical language in her excerpt from her novel "Frankenstein." Although the power of language here is much more subtle there is clearly comparisons being made of what we would usually assume were completely unrelated topics. Shelly does a superb job of delicately interweaving metaphors about the power of human nature and the almost insatiable pursuit of knowledge that really call for the reader's earnest attention to the detail of her writing. In Martin's article we see how she gradually begins to set up her comparison of differing anti-bodies that are present in our bodies to gender, class and race roles present in our society. Martin describes media representations of such things as AIDS awareness and immune system function short films as presenting parts of our body at war with the bacteria and disease that is constantly trying to invade our bodies. Our "self" is clearly the good guy and anything that tries to permeate our bodies without our body's direct consent is considered to be the bad guys.

Liz Claiborne: Leadership Analysis Essay

Liz Claiborne was a revolutionary in the fashion industry. She overcame failures in her childhood and early adulthood to become a leader in the business world. Determined to find her place in the fashion world, she wanted to a design company with her own vision. She wanted to empower her customers with quality clothing at an affordable price. In 1976, Liz Claiborne, along with partners Art Ortenberg and Leonard Boxer, created Liz Claiborne, Incorporated. As a designer she was programmed to be task oriented. Because she was task oriented, her leadership skills main weakness in her leadership style. Nevertheless, because she was a role model and supporter of career driven woman, Liz predominantly portrays the transformational leadership style. Liz was able to create a company and a vision that moved milestones for women in the professional world and created higher standards for the fashion industry. The company made $2 million in sales its first year and went public in 1981. (need cita tion-Fortune 500?) Liz Claiborne, Inc. became the first company founded by a woman to make the Fortune 500 in 1986. (need citation-Fortune 500?) II. Biography Anne Elisabeth Jane â€Å"Liz† Claiborne was born March 31, 1929 in Brussels. Her parents were descendents of Louisiana ancestry. Liz was the youngest of three. The family returned to New Orleans in 1939 at the beginning of World War II. Years later, the family relocated to New Jersey. Liz attended primary and secondary schooling, only reaching her sophomore year. When she was teen, Liz was inspired by an art history teacher. (Ortenberg, page 25-27) A man of the times, Liz’s father did not encourage her education. He did, however, approve of her ambition for art. He deemed it â€Å"a proper activity for a woman.† (Ortenberg, page 27) With her father’s approval, she immersed herself into the art world. Liz Claiborne won the Harper’s Bazaar design contest the year of 1949. The prize included a trip to Paris for ten days. After a year in France studying art, Liz returned to America. (Ortenberg, page 28) Soon after, on a trip with her parents, she announced her choice to begin a fashion designing career in New York. Without emotion, her father handed Liz a fifty dollar bill and her suitcase. He wished her, â€Å"Good luck,† got back into the car, and drove off. (Ortenberg, page 30) Liz did not speak to her father for another twenties years. Determined to find her way, Liz worked the Harper Bazaar opportunity and landed a job interview. Although she did not get the job, she did get a date and later on married the interviewer, Ben Schultz. Liz’s marriage was short lived with Ben, but did produce her only son Alex. Through the next handful of years, Liz worked through her apprenticeship and raised Alex. Liz Claiborne was becoming the women she would later design for, a career driven woman. One year after Alex was born; Liz met her future husband Art Ortenberg. Art was department head of the dress department at Juniorite, a junior sportswear company. Liz was a new designer. Liz and Art were both currently married. When the company found out about the affair, Art was fired. Liz stood by Art and quit. The two began a relationship that led to marriage in July of 1957. Art Ortenberg and Liz Claiborne were married for forty-nine years. (Ortenberg, page 245-247) Over the next fifteen years, Liz Claiborne waited patiently to pursue her dreams fully until her son was able to support himself. She had found job security as a designer at Youth Guild for those fifteen years. In 1975, Liz passed on an opportunity to break off and develop Youth Guild separate from its mother company, Jonathan Logan. She new it was time to begin a design company with her own vision. In the seventies, the working woman was making a name for herself. Liz was there to dress her. Liz Claiborne, whom was also career driven, understood what her customer needed. As a woman, she new the daily insecurities females face. She wanted to empower her customers with quality clothing at an affordable price. In 1976, Liz Claiborne, along with partners Art Ortenberg and Leonard Boxer, created Liz Claiborne, Incorporated. Liz would head the design team, Art would be in charge of operations, and Leonard would work the production side. In the beginning, Liz was the salesperson for the company. Looking for feedback, Liz would present merchandise and sketches to potential and experienced buyers. She wanted the truth. She found it: price. (Ortenberg, page 247-251) The foundation of Liz Claiborne, Inc. would be created upon the idea of comfortable, easy-to-match separates. Although a simple concept â€Å"women should not have to spend a fortune to look good,† (Hayes) the notion revolutionized the way woman presented themselves in the workplace. The company made $2 million in sales its first year and went public in 1981. (need citation-Fortune 500?) Liz Claiborne, Inc. became the first company founded by a woman to make the Fortune 500 in 1986. (need citation-Fortune 500?) Liz Claiborne had her own sense of design, but she also had her own theories on management style. Liz emphasized equality in the workforce. According to Hayes, she thought with the team in mind and fostered their enthusiasm. (Hayes) Liz was also geared to teach techniques. She loved to teach through demonstrating. She thought of her work force as family. She believed good teachers and good programs involved good parents. According to Ortenberg, Liz and Art thought of themselves as the parents of the company. (Ortenberg page 37) Towards the end of her reign in 1989, Liz felt she was too far away from the actual process and could not make accurate management decisions. Therefore, she resigned as manager in 1989. Liz Claiborne was highly regarded in the fashion industry. Her success was marked in 1990 and 1991 with many awards and recognitions, including induction into the U.S. Business Hall of Fame and the Marketing Hall of Fame. She also received an honorary doctorate from the Rhode Island School of Design. (Ortenberg page 145-152) According to Ortenberg, this was the â€Å"highest point of Liz’s professional life.† (Ortenberg page 147) In her life after the company, Liz was an avid conversationalist. She took part in and donated too many wildlife-conservation groups. To date, Liz and Art’s foundation has given away $40 million to wildlife grants. (Johnson) In 2007, Anne Elisabeth Jane â€Å"Liz† Claiborne, fashion icon and industry revolutionary, lost her ten year battle to cancer. Following her death, she was awarded a plaque on the Fashion Walk of Hall of Fame in 2008. Liz was a leader that understood the beauty behind the design of her clothes. More importantly, Liz Claiborne understood the beauty behind the design of life and the people we share it with. III. Analysis of Leadership Liz Claiborne had her own sense of design, but she also had her own theories on management style. In the following section, the leadership approaches Liz Claiborne used will be discussed. In addition, the least descriptive and the most descriptive theory will be outlined and supported. A. Skills Approach The skills approach is the idea leadership is based upon capabilities that can be learned and developed. The skills based concept describes what a leader does. Skills are important because leaders must be able to communicate their vision and effectively accumulate and structure information to facilitate problem solving and performance. Mumford, Campion and Morgeson (2007) examine leadership based on cognitive, interpersonal, business, and strategic skill. In addition to the four capabilities, different levels of management require different levels of skill. For example, upper level management positions require more strategy skills than lower level management. (Kalargyrou) As Liz took an upper-level position of power within the company, she grew out of her task oriented comfort zone. Liz thought as a designer, â€Å"The further one removes oneself from the actual work, the less value one adds to that work.† (Ortenberg, page 151) Towards the end of her management days, Liz had come to a point where she was not gaining more knowledge and developing herself as strategic partner. The company was developing into a new environment around her. It was not the family size that she had once known. When she realized the weakness in her leadership approach, she retired from the upper level management position at the company. B. Style Approach Leadership can be separated into two types of leadership behaviors: task behaviors and relationship behaviors. Task behavior focuses on the production factor of the organization. Task behaviors are also concerned with the technical aspect of how duties are performed. Relationship behavior is geared towards the social awareness of the organization. It is the concern for the people of the organization. By combining different levels of each of the styles, various leadership styles can be formed. In The Relationship Between Paternalistic and Leadership and Organizational Commitment: Investigating the Role of Climate Regarding Ethics, the geru takes in a chela that is helpless and dependent. The guru recognizes it is his goal to nurture and develop the chela into a confident teacher. He encourages the chela to ask questions. By empowering the chela, the guru leads his disciple to success. Much like the guru, Liz Claiborne took on a nurturing and guiding role within in company. In this aspect, Liz takes on a paternalistic/maternalistic view of leadership. She considered her team a family, where she and Art Ortenberg were the parents. (Ortenberg) Liz encouraged her team to ask questions and lent her experience to help develop them into better designers. Liz used task behaviors to teach her subordinates and relationship behaviors to cultivate a learning and family-like environment. C. Contingency To effective lead subordinates, a leader must have the appropriate styles contingent upon the situation. The effectiveness is dependent upon the leader’s style and how it interacts in situations that are favorable to the leader. (Cruz, Nunez & Pinheiro) Leaders are primarily motivated by the tasks and relationships. Fiedler’s theory takes those motivations and applies them to situational variables. (Cruz, Nunez & Pinheiro) Three key components to the Least Preferred Coworker Scale (LPC) are the leaders/members relationship, the task structure, and the position of authority. (Cruz, Nunez & Pinheiro) Liz Claiborne had close relationships with her subordinates when she first started up the company. She had hired Nancy, a pattern maker. Nancy respected and had confidence in Liz’s position. Liz was the only designer at the time and had full control over the task structure in the beginning. Liz had maximum influence over her company. Therefore, she was task oriented and had a low LPC. As her company grew and her lack of control over the design process diminished, Liz Claiborne should have molded herself into a stronger, relationship-oriented leader. Because she did not adjust her leadership style based on the situation and of the company and what it need for growth, Liz Claiborne was not as an efficient leader towards the end of her time as CEO of Liz Claiborne, Inc. An important stressor is that the contingency theory allows for a leader not to be effective in all situations. (Northouse 2007) Liz was more efficient she was working in a one-on-one, task oriented environment. When Liz was taken away from a task oriented environment, she lost the structure that made her the career woman she started out as. D. Transformational Leadership Transformational leadership is a process between the leader and follower. Leaders motivate followers to strive to a higher level of achievement. In doing so, the follower is transformed. The first component of transformational leadership (TFL) is idealized influence. (Phipps, Prieto, Verma) Liz Claiborne inspired women through her leadership. She was a role model that many women could look up to. The second component of TFL is inspirational motivation. (Phipps) Liz had fought through adversity growing up and had still com out on top. She wanted to empower woman through clothing. Being designers and customers, many of her followers believed in her vision. The third component of transformational leadership is intellectual stimulation. (Phipps) According to Hayes, she always encourages employees to challenge themselves. Liz would conduct weekly meetings to spark new ideas. She loved to teach, and in doing so encouraged the promotion of many female designers. (Hayes) The fourth and final component of TFL is individualized consideration. Liz individualized the followers’ needs and would focus on their personal development. She loved to teach, and in doing so encouraged the promotion of many female designers. Was a transformational leader in and out of the business. Transformational leadership is most descriptive of Liz’s leadership style. She used transformational leadership in her company to promote organizational performance and employee motivation. She met upheld the standards of the components of the theory. It is the author’s belief that the transformational leadership approach Liz Claiborne took with the company led to her success as a business leader. IV. Conclusions Liz Claiborne’s determination and life experiences as an early adult and child helped shape her into a great business leader. Thanks to the encouragement in the development of her love and eye for art, she had the drive to follow her dreams to be a fashion designer. Struggling to reach the top as a single mother, made her a great leader because she could later on relate to her demographic of consumers and the followers she would one day lead in her company. Liz had her leadership ups-and-downs in the latter part of her management, but she knew when she was out of her scope. As a strong and determined woman, Liz Claiborne’s legacy will live on in the fashion industry as a leader who transformed the industry of women’s fashion design.

To what extent were the policies the Republican governments 1921-29 responsible for both the economic boom Essay Example

To what extent were the policies the Republican governments 1921 To what extent were the policies the Republican governments 1921-29 responsible for both the economic boom Essay To what extent were the policies the Republican governments 1921-29 responsible for both the economic boom Essay Essay Topic: History The Republic The economic boom and bust of the 1920s would have occurred without the Republican economics policies that were introduced. The Republicans felt that it was necessary to allow the economy to grow without state intervention unless it was urged upon by the industry. Such freedom did in fact allow for the likes of Henry Ford to innovate and take advantage of the beneficial circumstances brought about by the First World War. The significant increase in trade wasnt sustainable and for the reason that it wasnt stabilised the economic collapse took place in the absence of Republican policies to regulate growth. The Republicans built on the conditions that were provided by the First World War. After the War, Europe was dependant upon American industry to be provided by American products ensuring trade for America. However, credit can be given to the Republican government for the introduction of the Fordney-McCumber tariff. This raised import duties on farm products, chemicals, textiles, chinaware, cutlery, guns and other industrial goods. This move towards Protectionism ensure that there wasnt a two-way trade between America and Europe, allowing for a domestic market to grow whilst the Europe dependant on the US economy. This policy in Hardings government can be seen as the basis of US economic prosperity and indicates the importance of the policies made by the Republicans. Although policies were infrequent they encouraged widespread production, which could be considered as a major contribution to the economic boom and the subsequent economic collapse. The policy for small taxes was a strong belief of the Republican Party and achieved the rise in industry. Otherwise an increase in taxes would have reduced the disposable income that was vital for the growth in companies that sold domestic appliances. It could be said that these Republican policies did not just contribute towards the boom but actually were responsible for the initiation of the boom by providing the perfect conditions for a quick boom. The lack of regulations ensured that prosperity wasnt hindered and businesses werent deterred from expanding. This started the possibilities of the get rich-quick schemes that flooded America causing a nation to make money without having to consider the long term consequences. Republicanism contributed to this short-sightedness within American society that instigated the economic collapse. Encouraged by Republican policies this quick-fix attitude was enlarged by the start of credit that was highly dependant on both consumer demand and confidence. Consumer products were bought on a massive scale on the basis that the customers were certain that they could make the repayments in order to keep such domestic appliances. This new grown confidence of prosperity and belief in economic growth shared by many families brought about the demand for these new products. Confidence was so high in the economy that ordinary people began buying on the margin, the purchase of shares on the credit that the shares were definitely going to increase in value, enough to pay off the credit and to leave people with profit. This heightened the reliance on the growth of the economy and instigated further confidence, causing the economy to be uncontrolled by anyone, meaning that a small stumble would bring about total. The delicate nature that the economy wasnt completely due to the Republican policies, however, the Republicans didnt feel that there wasnt any need for state intervention since it wasnt seen to be a national issue. Therefore the lack of policy in regulation in the banking system that created an increase in buying on the margin caused the fragile economy that collapsed precisely due to the lack of intervention. Although the Republicans were responsible the confidence and the increase in credit was due to the fact that it was probably the first time that the public had more money than required to survive and felt that it was to continue and didnt know what to do and thus brought about the lack of savings. The boom wasnt a long term growth that raised society than what could have been achieved by regulation. Using the word boom it refers to the significant rise in a short space of time and therefore as a consequence means that it would have to fall suddenly unless the economy could be underpinned by a stronger infrastructure. Long term would have ensured that 33%of the total national income in 1929 wasnt held by just 5% of the population. Such a figure can question whether it was in fact a national boom at all, since it failed to permeate to lower sects of society, however caused for those lower sects to be confident that they would find prosperity and go onto purchase products on credit. The fact that prosperity didnt reach the whole of society meant that the marker became saturate with the sale of the same domestic products without the people to purchase them because either they already had them or had too many loans. The Republican Government with the introduction of taxation would have brought greater support in need, who could fuel the economy further since groups like blacks, rural workers and urban poor would be able to purchase the appliances and increase share purchase. However, the lack of taxation mean that growth took place exponentially and during the period of growth there would be no slow down. On the other hand, collapse was made certain by the lack of support given towards the economy and bringing about the end of such growth. It must be remembered that this was the first time that such mass growth took place in American history and meant that it wasnt possible to create a model for the growth of the economy because noone really had an idea what this expansion would result in. The flaws within the system, causing a brittle economy should be held more responsible because I dont feel that there would have been a collapse, rather more of a slowdown throughout the nation. These flaws were triggered by the lack of regulation by the Republicans but the However, perhaps the most compelling argument in their defence is the lack of precedent. Never before had such growth been seen as even possible, nor the depression which was to follow. In such light, it is perhaps unfair to judge Republican policies too harshly for their inability to anticipate the hitherto unknown. It is also clear that Republicanism was not responsible for initiating the Roaring 20s, but rather for adopting a policy of non-intervention which allowed the boom to proceed almost entirely unimpeded. As a result, Republican responsibility must be judged in terms not of what they did, but what they did not. In doing very little to regulate nor intervene in the boom from 1921-29, successive Republican administrations were, to the greatest extent, responsible for ensuring that what occurred was not a long-term trend of steady, social economic growth, but a short-lived boom. Furthermore, rather than making efforts to convert this into growth which permeated throughout, bringing even longer-term benefits to American society as a whole, these policies were content to sit back and allow America to become a gambling den on a majestic scale, almost entirely dependent on the fickle nature of human confidence and reliant on an impossibly limitless demand for new products which soon reached saturation point. As a result, Republican policies must be seen to a great extent responsible for shaping the nature of the economic boom, if not instigating it, and in doing do, directly responsible for the inevitable bust which followed.

Dantes Divine Comedy and Chaucers Canterbury Tales

Dantes Divine Comedy and Chaucers Canterbury Tales English literature is one of the most fascinating and interesting types of literature in the whole world. Lots of foreign masterpieces are translated into English in order to provide people with opportunities to enjoy these works in the international language. This is why world literature, including African, Asian, European, and American works, is usually presented in English. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Dante’s Divine Comedy and Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Authors from different times and cultures add something new and unforgettable to the literature world and deserve to be analyzed during the literature classes. Dante Alighieri is considered to be one of the most famous Florentine poets. His Divine Comedy, created in 1308, impresses plenty of readers even now. Numerous writers used his style of writing after his death, and one of such followers was Geoffrey Chauce r, an English poet, famous by The Canterbury Tales. Dante’s Divine Comedy and Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales have lots in common: the authors preferred to write about their journeys and describe people they met there, liked to put themselves into their works as integral parts of the plot’s development, and chose one and the same vernacular writing style for most of their works. Dante Alighieri and Geoffrey Chaucer are probably the two most famous and greatest writers of the European Middle Ages. â€Å"Both Dante and Chaucer were active in affairs of their times.† (Hetherington 179) Because of their occupations and abilities to travel and meet new people, they had wonderful opportunities to use their life experiences in their works. For example, Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales tell about a group of people, which try to find something to do during their travelling. â€Å"I had so talked with each of that presently/ I was a member of their company/ And promi sed to rise early the next day/ To start, as I shall show, upon our way.† (Lawall 1702) Dante’s Divine Comedy is about another kind of travelling, the travel to Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven. The major idea of both these stories is that people may change their preferences and styles of life during their travelling. New people, new places, and new emotions – this is what so important for humans in order to change their lives. It does not matter whether these lives are improved or completely destroyed. Here, the major point is the factor of change, and this is the only thing that matters something. Someone may say that writing styles of Dante and Chaucer are quite different. Well, of course, every author presents his/her own vision of details. Advertising Looking for essay on comparative literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, no one will argue that vernacular style is the thing that is inherent to both of them. With the help of such language, Dante and Chaucer made their works more comprehensible to the public and reflected their ideas in everyday traditional speech. They both were connected to the economic sphere of life of their countries. This is why money and language may be considered as the major analogues in their works. â€Å"The crowds, the countless, different mutilations/ had stunned my eyes and left them so confused/ they wanted to keep looking and to weep.† (Dante and Musa 335) Another point in these both stories is authors’ involvement into the development of the events in the story. Dante did not afraid to present himself as one of the characters in The Divine Comedy. The character of Dante speaks to several characters, who present him their own stories. He analyzes, evaluates, and makes necessary conclusions. He is not stupid and has a lot in mind that will help to change this world. â€Å"I saw it, I’m sure, and I seem to s ee it still/ a body with no head that moved along/ moving no differently from all the rest.† (Dante and Musa 329) Chaucer, in his turn, is a kind of guide to the world of his stories. He introduces each character and describes him/her from his own perspective: â€Å"I told him his opinion made me glad/ Why should he study always and go mad/ mewed in his cell with only a book for neighbor?† (Chaucer and Morrison 58) However, the reader still feels the participation of the authors in both these stories. Such author’s involvement make an writer a bit closer to the reader, so that the reader can comprehend what actually Dante or Chaucer wanted to say. There are â€Å"no one doubts that Chaucer read Dante’s Commedia.† (Taylor 1) It does not mean that Chaucer had no ideas to create something his own. The major idea is his vision of the story, his desire to be a bit closer to his teacher, Dante. Not every writer is able to create something like The Divine Comedy, and Chaucer made a magnificent attempt and created a wonderful story, in Dante’s style with variety of personal ideas and standpoints. Writing about personal travels, using the vernacular writing style and personal participation in the events of the story – this is what unites Dante’s Divine Comedy and Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales and makes both of them really great masterpieces in the literature of the Middle Ages.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Dante’s Divine Comedy and Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Chaucer, Geoffrey and Morrison, Theodore. The Portable Chaucer: Revised Edition. New York: Penguin, 1977. Dante, Alighieri and Musa, Mark. The Divine Comedy: Inferno. New York: Penguin Classics, 2003. Hetherington, Norriss, S. Cosmology: Historical, Literary, Philosophical, Religious, and Scientific Perspectives. Taylor Francis, 1993. Law all, Sarah. The Norton Anthology of Western Literature. New York: Norton, 2006. Taylor, Karla. Chaucer Reads â€Å"The Divine Comedy.† Stanford University Press, 1989.

Literature Review - Low Self-Control, Gender, and Perscription Essay

Literature Review - Low Self-Control, Gender, and Perscription Painkiller Abuse - Essay Example In many cases other prescription drugs such as psychotropic medications, narcotic analgesics, and even non-narcotic analgesics are also substances of abuse. Wide accessibility of analgesics over the counter and without prescription has led to a situation where these drugs are very commonly abused and often unnoticed, mainly due to cultural attitudinal tolerance. This points to the fact that no matter how great the prevailing degree of cultural attitudinal tolerance for addictive practices is, or how strong individual personality predispositions are, nobody can become addicted to these drugs without access to them. The crucial and determinative predisposing factor, which, therefore, constitutes the most acceptable basis for the nosological categorizing of these analgesic addicts, is the possession of those idiosyncratic or developmental personality traits for which these drugs could have adjustive properties. Chief among these effects is euphoria, which is highly adjustive for inadequ ate personalities, that is, motivationally immature individuals lacking in such criteria of ego maturity as long-range goals, a sense of responsibility, self-reliance and initiative, volitional and executive independence, frustration tolerance, and the ability to defer the gratification of immediate hedonistic needs for the sake of achieving long-term goals. Studies have uncovered in the life histories of such addicts, overpermissive or underdominating, overprotecting, and overdominating parents that tend to foster the development of the inadequate personality syndrome. Psychosocial and psychopharmacological research has pointed to several factors that may predispose to such addictions in suitably vulnerable population, and in this review, several relevant articles will be critically reviewed in order to update knowledge and evidence in this area of study. Recent literature in this area of study has been selected and

Abudhabi Financial Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Abudhabi Financial Market - Essay Example The laws and regulation of the financial market are favorable for investment. The financial market of Abu Dhabi is on the verge of expansion with the proposed establishment of the world financial market in Abu Dhabi by the end of 2013. Executive Summary The operations of the financial markets of Abu Dhabi have been explained in this work. The various sectors, financial institution and companies comprising the financial markets of Abu Dhabi have been identified. The places of the trading in the financial markets, operational performance of the market and the risk associated with the operations of the financial market in Abu Dhabi have been explained. The rational behind the investors’ preference towards Abu Dhabi financial market has been analyzed by the estimation of risk-return trade off. The proposed plans of expansion of the Abu Dhabi financial market have been indicated through this work. The policies of the Abu Dhabi financial market in order to encourage foreign investme nts have been analyzed. Operations The financial market of Abu Dhabi is comprised of companies in the financial industry that includes the banking sector and the insurance sector. There are as many as seventeen banks that operate in the financial market of Abu Dhabi. There are no less than twelve insurance companies in the financial market of Abu Dhabi. ... Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange is the stock exchange of United Arab Emirates that conducts trading of shares and securities of the markets of Abu Dhabi that also includes the financial market of Abu Dhabi. The securities and shares of sixty seven companies in Abu Dhabi are traded in Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange. Apart from the financial sector, the companies listed in Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange also represent the services industry, industrial and hospitality sector, real estate, telecommunication, energy, etc. The various sectors whose stocks are listed in the Abu Dhabi financial market are given below with values in local currency (Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange, 2013). The Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange was established in the year 2000 for the purpose of trading of shares of the companies in United Arab Emirates. The trading locations of the Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange are at Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, Ras Al Khaimah, Fujeirah, Al Ain. The Dubai Stock Exchange is a different sock excha nge in United Arab Emirates that trades shares of other public limited companies of UAE. However, some of the stocks listed in the Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange could also be traded through brokers in the Dubai Stock Exchange. The performance of the stocks of the Abu Dhabi Financial Market for the last one year is represented in the graph given below (BLOOMBERG, 2013). The above graphical representation of the performance of financial market of Abu Dhabi shows that the financial markets have undergone steady growth pattern in the last one year with less fluctuations of the performance of stocks listed in the financial market. The fluctuations or the volatility of the stocks in the financial market has