Trauma Case Study Trauma Case - 839 Words

Trauma Case Study Summary Case Overview This trauma case primarily involves two American Indian clients: grandmother (caregiver) and 21 month old female (grandchild), DHS, and Indian Child Welfare. There are two twin boys (grandchildren), who were born as premature meth babies, however, no signs of trauma or developmental issues appear at this time. The 21 month old female child has been a victim of childhood trauma invoked by her biological parents and secondary trauma experiences of verbal and physical abuse of grandmother by the biological parents. Clinical Impression, Diagnosis, and Treatment Twin Boys Child Protective Services was notified by the attending physician who performed the delivery of the twins at birth. They were taken into DHS temporary custody and later placed in kinship care with the grandmother. The twins had limited exposure to their parents during their stay at the hospital at birth. Despite their plight at birth (prematurity and meth baby diagnosis), the twin boys appear to be developing normal at this time. No treatment plan is warranted at this time, however, ongoing and periodical developmental, physical, and psychological assessment is recommended by the multi-disciplinary team. Grandmother (caregiver) Diagnosis and treatment plan include a DSM-IV Axis I 296.32 Major Depressive Disorder, moderate, to address major depression, Axis 1 V61.20 Parent-Child Relational Problem, Axis I 305.1 Nicotine Dependence, Axis IV relational issues toShow MoreRelatedCase Study : The Shock Trauma Hallway1537 Words   |  7 PagesCase Study 1: TeamSTEPPS The scenario: (adapted from Haynes Strickler, 2014): You are an RN on orientation who is orienting with the charge nurse on the shock-trauma hallway. You are also working with an Emergency Medical Technician (EMT) and trauma physician. When a trauma patient has significant pain, an order for morphine is yelled out during the chaos. Other orders are yelled out to check the blood pressure and heart rate and order a chest x-ray (CXR) stat. The charge nurse delegates to theRead MoreTrauma Focused-Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Case Study700 Words   |  3 Pagessupported treatment for PTSD will assist in decreasing Matt’s depression PTSD symptomatology. Due to Matt’s PTSD symptomatology and presentation, Trauma Focused- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) was used as the treatment approach. TF-CBT is an evidenced-based treatment approach that is designed to reduce negative emotional and behavioral responses following trauma and is based on learning and cognitive theories (Child Welfare Information Gateway, 2012). 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Bipolar IRead MoreSurgeons: Surgery and Surgical Critical Care850 Words   |  4 Pagesthree things in the medical fields that interests me the most which are trauma surgeons, medical examiners, and neurosurgeons. I’m going to tell you about all three of these careers, what they all do, and much, much more. To become a surgeon of any kind you need to take college course like Anatomy, Biology, English or speech class, calculus, a few classes in biochemistry, health science, or a relate. Trauma Surgeons Trauma surgeons are physicians (MBBS, MBChB, MB, and MD) or (DO) who have completedRead MoreThe Continuous Presence Of Trauma Essay1658 Words   |  7 PagesTrauma has been an incorporated part of life since the beginning of human history. It is caused by an uncontrollable and unexpected threatening event that breaks assumptions of living in a relatively controlled and safe environment (Cai, Ding, Tang, Wu, Yang, 2014). 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Citizens United V. Federal Election Comission Free Essays

Resolved: On balance, the Supreme Court decision in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission harms the election process. My partner and I stand in firm negation of today’s resolution. We will write a custom essay sample on Citizens United V. Federal Election Comission or any similar topic only for you Order Now If my partner and I uphold that the Citizens United decision does not directly harm our election process, then we win today’s round. Contention 1: Citizens United has negligible effect on public participation in elections. In fact, the decision actually supports voter turnout. Many would argue that a bombardment of ads and excessive spending discourage voters, but this is not the case. In fact, there aren’t any studies that back up this claim sufficiently. There are many studies however, that say that ads pique the interest of voters and encourage them to educate themselves about the candidates. The Journal of Politics reports that respondents in 2000 were as much as 10 percentage points more likely to vote if they watched much television (particularly daily news shows) in media markets that were bombarded with presidential ads. Exposure to the ads increased intentions to vote by 18 percentage points. Clearly, campaign ads are very helpful when it comes to voter turnout, and after the case, there was a major increase in the amount of ads aired during a campaign according to a Wesleyan study. We have seen a 40% increase in ads since 2008. In addition, the number of ads only increased by 10,000 from 2004-2008 compared to the 300,000 increase from 2008-2012. Allowing corporations to fund ads and Political Action Committees raises awareness for elections, and potentially increase voter turnout. Contention 2: The decision by the court actually prevents corruption. Matthew Melone, a professor from Depaul University, notes that, â€Å"To believe that corporate advocacy will distort the political process and lead to public lack of confidence in the system is to miss the point that influence will continue to be sought by other means. As long as elected officials offer themselves up for sale there will be buyers. Even if one believes that corporate express advocacy will become a currency for influence peddling, it is less objectionable than other forms of currying political favors: at least corporate advocacy is transparent. Indeed, the type of fairly easily monitored campaign contributions that Citizens United has legalized are the most transparent, least corrupt way for corporations to exert their influence. As a result, according to the Sustainable Investment Institute, 84 percent of large corporations now acknowledge and report their campaign contribution (up from 78 percent before Citizens United). In short, corporations have been given a leg itimate, non-corrupt means of contributing to political campaigns and they are taking that opportunity instead of relying on back-door deals and other illegal methods. In fact, transparency after Citizens United was increased. The New York Times says, â€Å"An often-overlooked part of the Citizens United decision actually upheld disclosure requirements, saying that ‘transparency enables the electorate to make informed decisions and give proper weight to different speakers and messages. ’ Lower courts have embraced the ruling, relying on Citizens United to reject challenges to disclosure laws, often in cases involving political spending related to social issues. † So Citizens United actually made it easier for courts to reject challenges to disclosure laws, and thus creates more transparency. The New York Times also said, â€Å"None of this means that existing disclosure laws are necessarily adequate. But if they are not, the fault lies with Congress and state legislatures, not the Supreme Court. † What many people fail to realize, is that these transparency issues we currently have were around long before the Citizens United decision. Citizens United is not to blame when it comes to corruption, because it actually helps keep corruption out of the election process. Contention 3: Our democratic approach in elections is upheld through the decision. The court decision also better upholds the democratic ideals our election process is based on. Our 1st amendment rights give us the freedom of speech. This right does not only apply to individuals, but corporations as well. This is supported by the Supreme Court in such cases as Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Company which dictates that the term person, in the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment, applies to corporations as well as people. In addition, the Supreme Court also ruled in Buckley v. Valeo that money to influence elections is a form of constitutionally protected free speech. So BCRA denying corporations their constitutional rights to donate and spend on elections harms democracy, and goes against our election process. Further, government regulation would inhibit the flow of information from corporations. Justice Kennedy upheld in the decision that â€Å"by definition, an independent expenditure is political speech presented to the electorate that is not coordinated with a candidate. † It is for the aforementioned reasons that my partner and I urge a con ballot. Thank you. How to cite Citizens United V. Federal Election Comission, Papers

Strategies for Ethical Reasoning free essay sample

The ethical principles traditionally applied in business and professional settings are acknowledged on numerous websites such as those belonging to the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB), the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics and others. A synopsis of five of them appears below. 1 Ultimately, it falls on the individual not only to determine which ethical decision-making principle[s] best apply to the situation, but also to resolve conflicts that the iterative process may reveal. Here are some ideas to consider: Applying a number of principles, or approaches, helps to view the situation from different vantage points, and reveals facets of the problem perhaps not previously considered. A multi-faceted process encourages discussion with others and may elicit additional viewpoints as well as reveal how these positions may converge or differ. It fosters a fair evaluation of conflicting perspectives, each of which may be held for what appear to be good or right reasons. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategies for Ethical Reasoning or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Frequently, applying each of these principles separately can reach similar conclusions regarding a proposed action, although the reasons why it is seen as a wise or unwise choice may differ. Considering multiple approaches can strengthen the confidence among all concerned in a decision to decline a proposed course of action as inappropriate, when it might have once held wide support. Understanding the different reasons why an action might not be a good idea may also enable those concerned to conceive of better alternative actions that can achieve the same goal without inflicting the same harm. A multi-faceted evaluation can highlight which option of all the alternatives may be the best course to take, and can serve to build a consensus regarding that decision, particularly as key decision -makers reflect upon how their choice will be regarded in the public eye. Using numerous principles may also suggest the best way to carry out the decision. Finally, a multi-faceted process provides a structure with which to assess an action in the aftermath, and enables us to ask what practical wisdom we gained from the situation. Five Ways to Shape an Ethical Decision The Utilitarian Approach assesses an action in terms of its consequences or outcomes, i. e. , the net benefits and costs to all stakeholders on an individual level. It strives to achieve the greatest good for the greatest number while creating the least amount of harm or preventing the greatest amount of suffering. It holds that every entitys interests should be considered equally when making the decision, and this includes those of other species since they also are capable of suffering. So for any set of options it would view the most ethical option as the one that produces the best balance of benefits over harm for the most stakeholders. Outcomes may be quantified in such terms as contentment and suffering, the relative value of individual preferences, monetary gain or loss, or the short-term and long-term effects of an action. In a business context, this approach might rely on a statistical analysis of probable outcomes, a classic costs/benefits assessment, and/or consider the marginal utility of a consequence for various stakeholders in the group. The Rights Approach focuses on respect for human dignity. It holds that our dignity is based on our ability to choose freely how we live our lives, and that we have a moral right to respect our choices as free, equal, and rational people, and a moral duty to respect others in the same way. Some of these rights are articulated in the U. S. Constitution and the Bill of Rights: life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; free speech and assembly; freedom of religion; property ownership; and to freely enter into contractual agreements and the right to receive whatever was ontractually agreed. Other rights might include the right to privacy, to be informed truthfully on matters that affect our choices and to be safe from harm and injury. A deeper understanding of human rights can be gained from the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights. 2 This approach asks us to identify the legitimate rights of ourselves and others, in a given situation, as well as our duties and obligat ions. Consider how well the moral, legal and contractual rights of everyone are respected and/or protected by the action, and assess how well those affected are treated as fully informed, sentient beings with the right to free consent instead of just as a means to an end. As such, the ethical action would be the one we have a moral obligation to perform that does not infringe on the rights of others, and may even enhance the moral rights of all concerned. When confronted with conflicting or competing interests or rights, we need to decide which interest has greater merit and give priority to the right that best protects or ensures that interest. For example, in the United States, the right to freedom of speech is generally protected, but citizens do not have the right to needlessly scream Fire! in a crowded theater or to engage in hate crimes. We may also want to ask whether we would want to be on the receiving end of an action if the situation was reversed, or what the impact would be if everyone performed an action. The Fairness Approach focuses on the fair and equitable distribution of good and harm, and/or the social benefits and social costs, across the spectrum of society. It starts with the premise that all equals should be treated equally, and that those who are unequal, or differ in some relevant way, should be treated differently in a manner that is fair and proportionate to, or commensurate with, their difference. A classic example would be the payment of a group of employees at different salary levels based on the contribution their work effort makes to the corporations profitability. Here we assess our action in terms of its fairness to those affected. Are those who are similar in some relevant aspect treated in the same way? Are those who are different in some relevant way treated differently based on a legitimate distinction and a standard of fairness? Are some favored in the case where they may receive certain benefits for no justifiable reason? Is there a discriminatory practice where some, who are no different than others, bear a burden that is not imposed on the rest? What are the relevant factors that determine similarities and differences of those in a group? What is the fair course of action for all the stakeholders or all entities that may be affected by the outcome? The Common Good Approach regards all individuals as part of a larger community; as such, we share certain common conditions and institutions upon which our welfare depends. For society to thrive, we need to safeguard the sustainability of our community for the good of all, including our weakest and most vulnerable members. Some things that nurture a healthy, functioning community: stable family life, good schools, affordable nourishment and health care, effective public safety, a just legal system, fair trade and commerce, a safe, well-managed ecosystem, an accessible technological environment, a well-maintained infrastructure and a peaceful society. The utilitarian principle weighs the net balance of goodness and harm produced by a certain action on a group of individuals, while this approach tests whether an action benefits or erodes a specific element of the common good. It weighs the effect on the fabric of the community. It encourages us to recognize how the freedoms and support we enjoy as individuals in pursuit of our own happiness are made possible by the sustained welfare of our community life. It invites us to ask what kind of society we are and want to become, and what actions we need to take to achieve that end. The Virtue Approach turns our attention to the elements of our individual character and disposition, which deepens our humanity and engender our relationships with others. These are the qualities that enable us to act in accordance with our higher selves. Different cultures may value certain virtues more than others but in general, virtues refer to such traits as honesty, kindness, patience, civility, compassion, diligence, self-reliance, loyalty, fairness, courage, tolerance, conscientiousness, generosity, temperance, self-control and prudence. The Virtue Approach causes us to ask whether a given action is reflective of the kind of person we are or want to be. Will it promote the kind of character we value within ourselves and for our community? Does it represent the kind of enterprise my business aspires to be? If the situation does not proceed as we expect, will this be something we can personally live with in the aftermath? Putting It to the Test Lets return to our example of the assistant account executive at the advertising agency, and examine how we can use these different approaches through the lens of that situation. What exactly is the assistant account executive being asked to do? He is being asked to falsify a financial report and misrepresent his agencys spending of client funds. What are the obvious consequences of this action? In the short term, the account supervisor will not have to account for some misappropriation of client funds that occurred before the assistant account executive joined the agency, and that may give her time to remedy the situation. The assistant account executive will prove he is a team player and will initially secure his job. The brand manager will be unaware that he may have a budget shortfall because he has not been apprised of the prior spending that has occurred for either his product or some other reason. Based on its client contract, the agency has a fiduciary responsibility to accurately report use of client funds in the long run. Not doing so invites a law suit as well as considerable harm to its reputation, which could result in the loss of other client relationships, which will erode profitability. Should this occur, the fate of those on the account team will not fare well. Who are all the stakeholders in this situation? These would include not just the immediate members of his account team and senior management, but also the agencys partners or shareholders and all of the agencys employees. Also included would be the brand management team, its senior management and potentially its customers and shareholders, if the packaged-goods company has to change agencies. Does the assistant account executive know all the facts he needs to know to make an informed decision? Yes and no. He should not need any additional information to know that falsifying a financial report is not a wise choice. However, understanding why the shortfall has occurred might enable him to see what other options are available to him besides the one his account supervisor is suggesting. Did the agency go over budget on a location shoot because it rained or because necessary production costs were simply underestimated—circumstances which could be addressed with the brand manager? Did the financial discrepancy occur at a higher accounting level and the account supervisor has not yet resolved it? Were the funds embezzled? Have the facts been reviewed with those who could offer good consul? No, the assistant account executive still has the opportunity to ask more questions of his account supervisor, her boss, the managing account supervisor, the account director or the director of human resources, as well as those on the creative side who could potentially explain production spending issues. From a utility perspective, is there a net benefit to falsifying the report? Possibly in the short term, the account supervisors happiness will be maximized but not that of any of the other stakeholders. In the long run, even her marginal utility would not be greater than for the others unless she can quickly resolve the discrepancy because her job would be at risk. The likelihood that the budget shortfall would go unnoticed for long is not high, and the costs of discovery far outweigh the benefits. Would the action respect the rights of others? No, the assistant account executive is being asked to do something against his better judgment, which undermines his sense of free choice and self-esteem. The brand manager and his company have the right to expect that their agency will honor their contractual agreement by adequately fulfilling their fiduciary responsibilities. Is there a good reason to make an exception and falsify the report on just one occasion? The risks and costs of discovery are too high. Would the account supervisor be pleased if the roduction team on the creative side falsified their financial report submitted to her? No, probably not. Does the action represent a fair distribution of benefits and harms? No, the action could potentially put the profitability of the entire agency at risk, and there is no justification for spending client funds unaccountably. Would the action ultimately safeguard the common good? No, it would undermine the expectation that business partners operate with trust and in good faith, which is at the very core of fair trade and commerce. Would a virtuous person falsify a financial report? Would doing so in this instance be in accordance with the kind of person the assistant account executive aspires to be? Is it representative of the kind of conduct the agency condones in its managers as a way of building its reputation and public trust? No, the assistant account executive would be falsifying the report against his better judgment and it would be an embarrassment to his agency should it come to light. Notes 1. â€Å"Ethics Education in Business Schools: Report of the Ethics Education Task Force to AACSB Internationals Board of Directors,† (2004) AACSB International. Retrieved August 1, 2011 from http://www. aacsb. edu/resources/ethicssustainability/publications. asp. Velasquez, Manuel and Dennis Moberg, Michael J. Meyer, Thomas Shanks, Margaret R. McLean, David DeCosse, Claire Andre, and Kirk O. Hanson, A Framework for Thinking Ethically, last revised in May, 2009. Retrieved August 1, 2011 from http://www. scu. edu/ethics/practicing/decision/framework. html. 2. â€Å"The United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights,† adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 10, 1948. Retrieved August 1, 2011 from http://www. un. org/en/documents/udhr/.

The Tourism Industry In Uk Benefits And Challenges Tourism Essay Essays

The Tourism Industry In Uk Benefits And Challenges Tourism Essay Essays The Tourism Industry In Uk Benefits And Challenges Tourism Essay Essay The Tourism Industry In Uk Benefits And Challenges Tourism Essay Essay This study provides a merchandise and market development scheme for the UK touristry industry. It focuses on the benefits and challenges of the UK touristry industry. The background history of UK and the overview of the range are revealed in this survey. It besides outlines the vision, mission and its strategic aims. The study highlights a sum-up of the cardinal findings of strategic selling audit of the UK touristry sector. The findings of the study are used to develop a scheme for increasing the economic benefits of touristry to UK. The scheme for get the better ofing the challenges in order to increase the figure of persons sing UK for touristry is disclosed in this study. The study concludes by doing strategic recommendations for countries of growing in touristry activities in UK, development of merchandises and resources needed to guarantee viability. More so, important barriers to implementing those recommendations are identified throughout the study to turn to the concerns of stakeholders of the industry. Summary of Key Issues and findings The sum-up of cardinal issues and findings that Britain needs to turn to in order to better upon her planetary fight includes ; The importance of local market and concern markets Turning Competition New Trends in Demands Competition from emerging finishs Tax of adjustment and nutrient Entry Visa and Increase in Price Climate Change Construct on Britain s image and increase distribution through the trade Britain s major beginning of market and Britain s nucleus market However, merely five points would be discussed in the organic structure of the study and the remainder will be sent to appendix 1. Definitions, methodological analysis and model Definitions This subdivision seeks to explicate strategic placement and touristry. What is strategic positioning? Harmonizing to Michael E. Porter, ( 1996 ) strategy is the ability to do an informed determination on how, when and where to aim a client group, facilitate resources and put aims ( bounds ) makes the difference between directors who thinks from a strategic position in visible radiation of what might emerge in future . Lovelock ( 1991 ) , describes positioning as the procedure of set uping and keeping a typical topographic point in the market for an administration and/or its single merchandise offerings. Puting them together, Strategic Positioning is the placement of an organisation ( unit ) in the hereafter, while taking into history the altering environment, plus the systematic realisation of that placement ( beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.zenska-mreza.hr/prirucnik ) . What is Tourism? Harmonizing to, Guyer Feuler ( 1905 ) , Tourism is a aggregation of activities, services and industries which deliver a travel experience consisting transit, adjustment, feeding and imbibing constitutions, retail stores, amusement concerns and other cordial reception services provided for persons or groups going off from place . Tourism can be categorized into Domestic, Outbound and Inbound. Domestic touristry involves people taking vacations, short interruptions and twenty-four hours trips within UK. The outbound touristry has to make with the people s motion from UK to other states, districts or states to research. The inward touristry involves single travelling from other topographic points such as Ghana, Togo, USA etc. to UK Methodology This study seeks to concentrate attending on the benefits and challenges of touristry industry in UK. The methods used in finishing this study include ; Literature reappraisal ( Journals, Books, Articles and the cyberspace ) Data analysis at UK, both national and sub-national degree Stakeholder battle Conceptual model The survey adopted selling model to explicate the maps that links the concern with client demands and wants in order to acquire the right merchandise to the right topographic point at the right clip. Overview of the selling procedure ( Adapted from tutor2u, Riley ( 2012 ) Mission, Vision and Strategic Aims The Mission To increase touristry s part to the growing and development of UK economic system. The Vision UK is globally recognised as one of the universe s prima regional finishs for conference, concern, sporting and other recreational activities. The state is noted for her high quality installations, cultural and amusement. In position of this, the study seeks to ; Better the UK portion of touristry worldwide and employment and quality of life. Increase UK portion in planetary visitant market. Strategic Aims Maximize touristry trial, spend and length of stay Attract investing in touristry related merchandises Increase industry engagement in selling activities through industry battle Improve touristry related community assets/products. better the battle of visitant with merchandises Improve market entree and connectivity Developing and marketing competitory tourer finish in UK Construct on Britain s image and increase distribution through the trade Better the scope of merchandise on offer and do it easier to acquire to Britain Introduction This chapter provides the background history of UK and the overview of the industry. Background History A ; Current province of UK The United Kingdom is a state that consists of England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. It is a fantastic state with diverse civilization and tradition. It is extremely belief that, the nature of the people in the state, its landscapes, civilization, character, history and traditions ; its accomplishments, impact, successes, and standing ; and its hereafter, its vision, its possible makes the state Great. The aforesaid features of the state has reckoned its ain people, and people from across the universe to see Britain, to cognize Britain and to understand Britain ( Source: Former Prime Minister, Tony Blair ) . The state is a Member of overplus administrations which include the European Union, North Atlantic Treaty Organisation ( NATO ) , Commonwealth of Nations, World Trade Organisation ( WTO ) , and Organisation of Economic Corporation and Development. UK has the lasting place on the United Nations Security Council. Through touristry parts, United Kingdom is the universe sixth largest economic system and World s first industrialized state with a population of over 62.4 million ( Ref. UN, 2011 ) . The Overview of Tourism Industry in UK Tourism industry in UK has vastly contributed to the economic development in the state. The industry occupies a alone place as the UK s 5th largest industry, 3rd largest export earner behind chemicals and fiscal services and deserving ?115 billion a twelvemonth. Besides, it employs over 2.6 million people and supports over 200,000 Small Medium Enterprises ( SME s ) ( beginning: VisitBritain.com, 2012 ) . Abroad visitants spend around ?18 billion a twelvemonth in this state and they contribute more than ?3billion in revenue enhancement and responsibility to the Exchequer ( VisitBritain Consultation Document, 2012 ) . Research has revealed that, touristry in UK is highly turning faster than any other economic sectors. It is outpacing excavation, agribusiness, and fishing as a taking industry for the state. One could see the value of touristry in UK is highly high. Although, the industry has been helpful to the state s economic system, there has been stagnancy of growing late, due to few cardinal issues and challenges. This has made the industry to worsen to the 7th place in the international touristry finish. This consequence is based on the visitant s attending and outgo ( Ref. UNWTO, 2011 ) . It means that, France, USA, China, Spain, Germany and Italy are all in front of UK in the touristry hierarchy ( Ref. UNWTO, 2011 ) . The inquiry here isaˆÂ ¦ . `what might be jobs or challenges ensuing to hapless attending of tourers in UK. It is argue that whiles UK touristry performs good, international touristry is ferociously competitory concern and their rivals are upping their game ( VisitBritain.com ) . The industry is confronting job on how to make a competitory, first touristry industry in Britain which can fit both the quality and the best of British concern every bit good as the graduated table of touristry in Britain in peculiar. Situational Analysis: The UK Tourism Industry and its Competitiveness The Value of Tourism to the UK Economy The part of UK touristry industry to the national economic system demonstrates the magnitude and complexness of the industry. Harmonizing to VisitBritain s CEO, Sandie Dawe ( 2012 ) , touristry has enormously contributed to the development of UK economic system. To her, the industry can turn by more than 60 % which would be amounted to about ?188bn by 2020. Besides, the figure of occupations straight and indirectly linked to touristry could lift by 264,000 to 2.89 million by 2020, ( beginning: VisitBritain ) . Value of Tourism ( Adapted from VisitBritain.com ) Deducing from this, one could see that, touristry is a major subscriber to the balance of payments. On the contrary, it is one of the few activities which would enable UK to accomplish competitory advantages through the redistribution of labor within Europe ( Economist, 1993:5-6 ) . It is besides a critical incentive of the UK economic system cut downing the shortage of the balance of payments, hiking employment, bring forthing income, and lending to regional development ( Zacharatos, 1989:274 ; Truett A ; Truett, 1987:178 ) . In fact, touristry per Se is one major generator of wealth in UK economic system. The part of the touristry industry in the UK economic system has been really encouraging. As of 2010, the part of touristry has a entire gross of ?110 Billion and 2011-?120 Billion per annum ( UK Tourism Statistics, 2012 ) . Visitors ( ?m ) Spent ( ?Bn ) Leisure 11.5 6.6 Business 6.8 4.0 Students 0.5 1.4 Other 2.4 1.2 In 2011 ( Ref: International Passenger Survey, 2011 ) * 1 % addition in the cost, significance, touristry gaining bead down by 1.3 % ( Sensitive Tourist, 2001 ) 3.2. UK s Position in the International Market However, the industry s place in the international market chart has been falling for the past 3 old ages now. This is because the competition in the planetary market topographic point has become really tough as a consequence emerging finishs and other outstanding finishs such as France, Italy, Malaysia, Turkey, U.S.A etc. Although the industry was able to crush the cut-out point set for twelvemonth 2012, yet the state s place in the planetary market is still worsening. In 2011, as illustrated in Tab.1 below, UK came in the 7th place in the universe categorization of tourer finishs. The growing in planetary travel over the last two decennaries means that UK is viing against more finishs, for a larger figure of possible visitants ( VisistBritain.com ) . Tab.1: Popular international touristry finishs ( 2011 ) 2011 Rank Finish Staying visits ( m ) 1 France 79.5 2 USA 62.3 3 China 57.6 4 Spain 56.7 5 Italy 46.1 6 Turkey 29.3 7 United kingdom 29.2 8 Germany 28.4 9 Malaya 24.7 10 Mexico 23.4 ( Adapted from VisitBritain ( 2012 Strategic Key Issues A ; Findingss Confronting The Industry The undermentioned key subjects are outlined from the strategic audit based on research and findings in appendix 2 and 3. The importance of local market and concern markets The local and concern markets are seen as the UK s nucleus markets. Research conveyed by VisitBritain has revealed that disputing confronting UK international touristry does non merely come from economic tendencies and competitory activity, but beginning market besides poses alone complications. The local market consists of Western Europe and its environing states such as France and Italy. France, Spain, Germany and USA generate 1/3 of all money spent by visitants in the UK economic system ( Visitbritain ) . However, since 2006, UK has lost these market portions and visits. This indicates that, Britain needs to support volume, value and market portion of these countries. New Trends in Demands The International touristry is traveling to a degree where consumers are demanding in new and varying activities which would prosecute them ever. Consumers are demanding for new countries such as eco-tourism, health-tourism, sports-tourism, and activity-tourism and instruction touristry. This means tourers are no more interested in the civilization or geographical location of the state. Therefore, in order to pull the attending of tourers, the industry should turn their attending on activity touristry, instruction touristry Turning Competition and Competition from emerging finishs Competition from bing and emerging finishs is another challenge. The emerging finishs like China, Malaysia, and Dubai are the states that are turning at a fast rate in the touristry industry. Rivals are traveling at fast rate, puting in selling runs and turn toing policy issues. For illustration, US authorities late has published touristry scheme and national travel to cover with the visa procedure, boundary line controls and issues of image. However, the major challenge here is how to make a competitory, first touristry industry in Britain which would fit both the quality and the best of British concern and advanced policies to make value and enhance of fight. Emerging Markets The competition in the planetary market topographic point has become really tough as a consequence of emerging finishs and other outstanding finishs such as France, Italy, Malaysia, Turkey, U.S.A etc. The strategic audit has outlined China, Turkey, Malaysia, Dubai and Egypt as the cardinal mark countries for touristry growing. Although the industry was able to crush the cut-out point set for twelvemonth 2012, yet the state s place in the planetary market is still worsening. This has resulted because the planetary market place is acquiring tougher and states like France, US, China, Germany and Dubai have recognized the potencies of touristry. This has awakened them to present growing and occupations in a tough economic clime. Tax of adjustment and nutrient Research has revealed that UK hotels and eating houses overtaxed in hurt to revenues for the wider economic system. Therefore, most UK hotels and eating houses charges full VAT rate on tourer adjustment, repast and attractive force. There are several stores and eating houses in UK that charges revenue enhancement on everything tourers buy. A noteworthy illustration is McDonald- any nutrient bought from McDonald has been tag with revenue enhancement. This has demoralised most of the tourer to see UK. Entry Visa The trouble in accessing entry visa to UK is another factor populating Britain s fight as a finish for international touristry. It is an established fact that, for one to acquire tourist visa to UK is really hard. Apart from hard visa procedure, it is besides expensive as compared to other tourer finishs. For case, to acquire a tourer visa to UK, one has to pay an Amount of ?78 pieces Schengen visa is ?53. So relatively, people would prefer traveling to Germany, France and other finishs in stead of UK. This has resulted hapless public presentation since visitants from China, India and other African states are now sing Germany and France. Climate Change The conditions status in UK is seen as a drawback and hinderance to touristry in United Kingdom. As the conditions in UK is unpredictable, tourer most frequently complain of been disturbed by rain and unfavorable conditions conditions. This has negatively affected the industry since most people are discouraged and lost involvement in shiping on touristry to UK. Developing Strategic Options from the above Analysis The findings above lineation a figure of challenges confronting the touristry industry in UK. This subdivision will develop a scheme that would be used to increase economic benefits for the state s touristry industry. It would besides sketch a strategic attack to finish selling ( mention to appendix 2 ) in order to increase the figure of single visitants. It will develop a trade name for UK touristry to acquire a sustainable presence in the planetary touristry market topographic point. Prosecuting local and concern markets The industry should increase domestic trial and concentrate on the local which is UK s nucleus market. The UK industry should non disregard its local market and concern markets whiles the emerging finishs such as China, India represent long term chance for growing. The industry should utilize advertizement, motive and wagess to promote the natives of this state to ship on domestic touristry. This will smell good for those foreigners to develop involvement in sing UK. Strategic development of bunchs Bunchs occur as a consequence of both perpendicular relationships with providers and clients every bit good as horizontal relationships based upon shared engineerings and common clients ( Barker, 2007 ) . Therefore, in order to increase economic benefit of international touristry in UK, the industry should take at organizing a bunch that will convey group of industries on board. The presence of the bunch will speed up and amplify the procedure of factor creative activity in the industry. Once the bunch is formed, it allows companies from the interrelated industries to put in substructures, engineerings, information and human resources to better economic benefits of the touristry industry. Japan, for illustration provides a compelling impact of bunchs on a state s competitory advantage. In Japan, Keiretsu has formed a bunch of companies around the major Bankss with shareholding connexions ( Barker, 2007 ) . This has encouraged cooperation and interaction. In simple put, the graduated table of the bunch will promote greater investing, specialisation, exchange information and thoughts about market demands. Porter on bunch has cited several illustrations and it will be interesting to detect that bunchs are active and strong in Japan, Italy, Sweden, and Germany. However, it is really weak in UK Strategic finish confederation Research has disclosed that, France, Spain, Germany and USA generate 1/3 of all money spent by visitants in the UK ( VisitBritain ) . However, since 2006, UK has lost these market portions and visits. This means that, UK needs to support volume, value and market portion of these countries. In order to derive market portion, the industry should set up a strategic partnership with the emerging rivals. The industry can associate up with such finishs to organize a conference of states with must see and must see topographic points. The touristry industry can develop stronger relationships with other private companies in the name of touristry partnership plan. This will assist to develop and advance cultural touristry and chances. Corporate societal duty scheme Scholars like Friedman ( 1962 ) , and Grossman ( 2005 ) maintain that, the traditional position of a company is that, the company has a duty to do as much net income as it can for its stockholders. Alternatively, the stakeholder attack suggested by Edward Freeman in 1984 directs administrations to pull off the involvement of and admit a responsibility of attention to a scope of stakeholders. Based on the traditional position of the industry or a limited stakeholder position of the industry, UK tourism board should concentrate on utilizing corporate societal duty to increase positive stakeholder benefits pieces eliminating the negative effects of its action. It has been reported that non-governmental administrations have been donating 1000000s to assist in assorted environmental undertakings. These undertakings are centered on environmental protection, clime alteration, and the publicity of renewable energies. Besides, VisitBritain should present constructions that will prosecute and pass on with UK touristry industry and stakeholders. This will assist to supply a co-ordinated attack to drive forward the execution of the Strategic Framework for UK Tourism. The construction will give the industry the opportunity to portion advanced and intelligence bringing every bit good as turn toing cardinal issues and challenges impacting the touristry industry. Notwithstanding that, it will acts as a cardinal mechanism for VisitBritain to pass on with the industry and link efficaciously with the emerging destinatioons. Strategic Recommendations To get the better of the challenges and maximise the benefits of the industry, the industry in coaction with UK Government should: Tax riddance There should be revenue enhancement free tourers and guarantee that there is no infliction of revenue enhancement on any nutrient and adjustment. The authorities should beg for financess from private endeavors to back up the touristry industry. This will assist to eliminate if non cut down revenue enhancement rate to its lower limit. Decrease of tourer visa fee to vie with Schengen visa Therefore the sum of money taken from tourers as they apply for tourer visa should be reduced to vie with the other competitory states. Besides the UK authorities should print a national travel and touristry scheme which will take at cut downing the tourer visa fee and procedure, boundary line control and issues of image. This will maximise touristry trial, spend and length of stay. Expansion of local and international gross revenues squads Use the corporate administration scheme to maintain the industry accountable. This will assist to avoid any kinds of graft and corruptness in the touristry industry. Have a touristry industry which provides low-cost quality, which is unfastened to all and which makes the best usage of Britain s resources. Drumhead To sum up everything, Marshal ( 2012 ) opine that the challenges confronting the touristry industry are complex and legion. However, the two key among all the challenges are ; Tax on adjustment and nutrient and how to make a competitory, first touristry industry in Britain. Honestly speech production, turn toing these challenges will necessitate a high degree of coordination and cooperation to marshal resources more efficaciously. Fiscal force per unit areas and viing precedences among all touristry spouses and touristry stakeholders will necessitate new and advanced partnership agreements to react to turning competition and planetary chances ( Marshal, 2012 ) . Decision This study has provided a merchandise and market development scheme for the UK touristry industry. The background history of UK and the overview of the range are revealed in this survey. It besides outlined the vision, mission and strategic aims of the survey. Situational analysis of the industry based on the local market, value of touristry and UK s place in the international market has been scholarly presented. The study revealed a sum-up of the cardinal findings of strategic selling audit of the UK touristry sector. The findings of the study are used to develop a scheme for increasing the economic benefits of touristry to UK. The scheme for get the better ofing the challenges in order to increase the figure of persons sing UK for touristry is disclosed in this study. The study concludes by doing strategic recommendations for countries of growing in touristry activities in UK, development of merchandises and resources needed to guarantee viability. More so, important barriers to implementing those recommendations are identified throughout the study to turn to the concerns of stakeholders of the industry. To accumulate everything, it is the aim of the Ministry of Tourism and the Government of UK to make the environment where the industry would make non merely learn people to smile but give them a ground to smile . The Government should observe the above recommendations a point and pass new touristry policy ( Hon. Harold Lovel, 2012 ) . Annotated Bibliography Vision, mission, purposes and aims In order for an organisation to hold clear strategic waies, it must foremost explicate clear vision, mission, purposes and aims. The undermentioned books were helpful in discoursing the intent of the vision, mission, purposes and aims ; Dale, C. ( 2012 ) , Strategic Management for Tourism Senior Lecturer in Tourism University of Wolverhampton Evans, N. C. D. and Stonehouse, G ( 2003 ) Strategic Management for Travel and Tourism . Oxford Butterworth-Heinemann, 15-20 Understanding Strategic Position and Tourism Scheme and Tourism have myriad of definitions from a different position. It is hence of import to open this study with a brief account on strategic placement and touristry. This will assist to ease better apprehension of scheme preparation and execution. The undermentioned books, diaries and articles were helpful in capturing the chief conceptualisation of scheme and touristry. Capon, C. ( 2008 ) , Understanding Strategic Management , Prentice Hall: Hemel Hempstead. Lovelock, C. H. ( 1984 ) . Services Selling . Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Lovelock, C. H. ( 1991 ) . Services Selling . 2nd ed. , Prentice- Hall Johnson, G. et Al. ( 2008 ) , Researching Corporate Strategy , Prentice Hall: Hemel Hempstead. Porter, M.E. , ( 1980 ) , Competitive Scheme: Techniques for analyzing industries and rivals New York: The Free Press Tribe, J, ( 2010 ) , Scheme for Tourism , Goodfellow Publishers, Oxford Overview of Tourism Industry in UK In order to acquire wide and comprehensive reappraisal of touristry in UK, there was the demand to research into several books, diaries and articles which helpful to this study. As a affair of fact, the undermentioned books and diaries were able to give accurate information that the research worker was looking for. Butler, R.W. ( 2011 ) : Contemporary Tourism Reappraisals: Tourism Life Cycle Strathclyde Business School, Universiity of Strathclyde Goodfellow Publishers Ltd. , Woodeaton, Oxford, OX3 9TJ Website- wwww.goodfellowpublishers.com Shaw, S. ( 2012 ) : International Hospitality Management Program hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sprottshaw.com/programs/tourism-hospitality/international-hospitality-management/ Accessed on December 12, 2012 The Economic Importance of Tourism: UK Tourism Satellite.. , hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/tourism/tourism-satellite-account/2009 -the-economic-importance-of-tourism/rep-2009tsa.html ( accessed December 12, 2012 ) . Tribe, J. ( 2005 ) , The Economicss of Recreation, Leisure and Tourism , Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford. UNWTO, EUROSTAT, OECD ( 2008 ) , Tourism Satellite Account: Recommended Methodological Framework ( TSA: RMF ) , Madrid, Luxembourg, Paris. UNWTO, EUROSTAT, OECD ( 2008 ) , International Recommendations for Tourism Statistics 2008 ( IRTS 2008 ) , New York, Madrid. United Nations, Statistical Office of the European Communities, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and World Tourism Organization ( 2008 ) . VisitBritain Consultation Document ( 2012 ) Delivering A Aureate Bequest: A Grow Strategy for Inbound Tourism to Britain from 2012 to 2020 . Website- www.visitbritain.org Key Issues and Challenges This portion of the study is really sensitive to the survey ; hence there was the demand to acquire books which would give accurate information about the benefits and challenges facing the touristry industry in UK. The research made mention from the undermentioned books and web sites ; BIS Economic Paper ( 2012 ) : Industrial Strategy: United kingdom Analysis Department for Business Innovative A ; Skills, No. 18 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bis.gov.uk Business Management and Strategies , hypertext transfer protocol: //teeanthony.blogspot.com/ ( accessed December 12, 2012 ) . Marshall, C. ( 2012 ) , Challenges confronting the Tourism Industry in Antiqua A ; Barbuda : Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation. Office of National Statistics ( 2012 ) : The Economic Importance of Tourism: UK Tourism Satellite Account 2009 VisitBritain Consultation Document ( 2012 ) Delivering A Aureate Bequest: A Grow Strategy for Inbound Tourism to Britain from 2012 to 2020 . Website- www.visitbritain.org TOMORROW S TOURISM Home Ask, common inquiries asked of ( n.d. ) . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eastriding.gov.uk/corp-tourism/docs/TomorrowsTourism.pdf Strategic Options This subdivision of the study focuses on the Marketing scheme and action program. There was the demand to acquire models and theoretical accounts to back up the work. Therefore made mention from the following books below, because these books give accurate accounts to the assorted strategic options and selling theoretical accounts ; Buhalis, D. , 1999a, Limits of touristry development in peripheral finishs: jobs and challenges, Tourism Management, Vol.20 ( 2 ) , pp.183-185. Cooper, C. et al. , ( 1998 ) , Tourism: Principles and Practices, 2nd erectile dysfunction, Addison Wesley Longman, England. Digital Startup and Campaign Marketing station in Hyderabad.. , hypertext transfer protocol: //browsemasters.com/ ( accessed December 12, 2012 ) . Gallic Luxury Vacations, hypertext transfer protocol: //frenchluxuryvacations.com/ ( accessed December 12, 2012 ) . William, J. ( 2002 ) : H. Igor Ansoff, 83 ; instruction drew world-wide acclamation San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved ( 8/12/2012 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mindtools.com/subscribe.htm. Beatty, C. et al. , ( June, 2010 ) : The Seaside Tourism Industry in England and Wales : Employment, Economic Output, Location and Trend. Centre for Regional Economic and Social Research Sheffield Hallam University Positioning the Destination Product Bournemouth University..http: //eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/15749/1/Positioning_the_Destination_Product_-_C an_Regional_Tourist_Boards_Learn_from_Private_Sector_Practice_ ( for_upload to_BURO ) .pdf ( accessed December 12, 2012 ) . Porter M.E. ( 1996 ) , What is Strategy? | Reflections, hypertext transfer protocol: //jensgulich.wordpress.com/2010/10/22/ / ( accessed December 12, 2012 ) . Pima Community College: As with other impacts: Directories, hypertext transfer protocol: //ecc.pima.edu/~tourism/Negative % 20Impact % 20of % 20Tourism.htm ( accessed December 12, 2012 ) Tugberk s Blog TugberkUgurlu.Com, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.tugberkugurlu.com/ ? page=24 ( accessed December 12, 2012 What is the difference between the United Kingdom, Great.. ? hypertext transfer protocol: //geography.about.com/library/faq/blqzuk.htm ( accessed December 12, 2012 ) . Appendixs appendix 1 ( KEY ISSUES A ; FINDINGS ) Increase in Price A research conducted by San Francisco State University indicated that, the monetary values for local goods and services have increased by 8 % as a consequence of touristry development. What it means is that, touristry development has enormously increased in both edifice costs and land values. This is because the rich are now utilizing the lands to construct and prosecute in existent estate for touristry intent. This has resulted in trouble for the autochthonal people to run into the basic needs to buy lands for their ain usage. Economic Dependence Harmonizing to Marshall ( 2012 ) , over-reliance on touristry, particularly aggregate touristry carries important hazards to tourism dependent economic systems. He argues that economic recession and the impacts of natural catastrophes such as tropical storms and hurricanes every bit good as altering touristry forms can hold a annihilating consequence on the local touristry sector. Decrease of UK Government fund for touristry industry In add-on, the decrease of UK Government funding on touristry industry is a factor. Therefore, the subsidy given by the UK authorities as a back uping assistance to the touristry industry has dropped by ?48.0m to ?35.9m, which is 25 % lessening in 2011. This has besides made the industry to take drastic determinations to run into up their demand by seting high charges on clients visit. Appendix 2 Strategic Approach to Destination Marketing Buhalis ( 1999 ) defines a finish as chiseled geographical countries, such as a state, an island or a town . Cooper et Al ( 1998 ) position finishs as the focal point of installations and services designed to run into the demands of tourers. Although UK has all the necessary installations that the assorted definitions are speaking about, there are unequal services designed to run into the demands of the tourer. Using Ansoff Matrix for the Strategic Approach to Destination Ansoff Matrix was propounded by a Russian-American, applied Mathematician and concern director called H. Igor Ansoff. The theoretical account was foremost published in the Harvard Business Review in 1957 ( BusinessDictionary.com A ; Wikipedia ) . Ansoff Matrix has grouped selling schemes into selling development, selling incursion, merchandise development and variegation. Diagrammatically, this is Ansoff clarify his theoretical account ( Ansoff Matrix ) ; Degree centigrades: UsersKENYAS SERIESDesktop2012-12-09_1935.png Marketing Development: This theoretical account maintains that, to derive market for an bing merchandise, the company must be introduced into a new face of people. The touristry industry should aim different geographical markets either at place or abroad. It should acquire new market Centre for the bing merchandises and utilize different gross revenues channels to aim different groups of people. The industry can follow societal networking sites to do different among its rivals. Market Penetration: To perforate agencies to enter-thus, market incursion involves with come ining a new market with an bing merchandises. Although it could be hazardous to come ining a new market with an bing material but, the industry can follow advertizement to promote people in UK to ship on domestic touristry. Merchandise Development: Merchandise development has to make with developing new merchandises for an bing market. It is an opposite of market development. To use this, the touristry industry must widen their merchandises by traveling to new countries such as eco-tourism, health-tourism, sports-tourism, activity-tourism and instruction touristry every bit good as boxing the bing merchandises. Diversification: Diversification is a signifier concern scheme that seeks to increase profitableness through gross revenues obtained from new markets and new merchandises ( Beginning: Wikipedia ) . In the application, the industry must utilize or acquire existing expertness to accomplish such scheme since it is the riskiest among the schemes. Appendix 3 GILBERT DIFFERENTIATION STRATEGY Gibert ( 1983, 1990 ) argues that, finishs should distinguish the touristry merchandises in order to be able to accomplish alone touristry merchandise benefits. This will assist the industry to set up their place in the international touristry market every bit good as pulling high loyal tourers and Spenders. In this instance, touristry finishs should try to accomplish position country image, instead than a community country one. Gilbert Differentiation Strategy position country Commodity Area Willingness to pay position country Commodity Area higher monetary value Merchandises Attributes Merchandises Properties ( Adapted from Dimitrious, cited in Gilbert, 1990, p.25 ) . From the diagram, the finish is to a great extent substitutable, really sensitive to economic alterations and monetary value pieces consumers have low consciousness of any particular benefit or properties of the part. Therefore, vacation shapers based their determination to see the country ( UK ) simply on monetary value. However, the demand for the finish is incidental and finishs are unable to pull high Spenders. On the contrary, position countries achieve international finish as a consequence of the particular merchandise properties perceived by the touristry market. Gilber ( 1990, 24-25 ) argues that finish countries should try to travel to position countries to better up [ on their image, trueness and economic benefits. Appendix 4 SWOT ANALYSIS Strength Failing Large Global Aviation path web: Therefore, UK has a really big air power path web which can take a big figure of tourers from different states. Strong association with civilization and heritage: The state is besides endowed with strong civilization and heritage which can pull every person to see at that place. Strong touristry substructure: Besides, the state has all the installations that a tourer finish is supposed to hold. English linguistic communication: The female parent lingua of the state which is English linguistic communication is another factor that can convey tonss of tourer to the state. The English linguistic communication is a global linguistic communication which dominates in about any portion of the universe now. Lack of future airdrome capacity: Therefore, looking at the overcrowding nature of the UK airdromes, it would be really hard to spread out it in the close hereafter. High cost of life: Besides the cost of life as compared to other competitory finishs, UK s ain is really expensive.

Definition and Examples of Essays or Compositions

Definition and Examples of Essays or Compositions The term essay comes from the French for trial or attempt. French author  Michel de Montaigne coined the term when he assigned the title Essais to his first publication in 1580. In Montaigne: A Biography (1984), Donald Frame notes that Montaigne often used the verb essayer (in modern French, normally to try) in ways close to his project, related to experience, with the sense of trying out or testing. An essay is a short work of nonfiction, while a writer of essays is called an essayist. In writing instruction, essay is often used as another word for composition. In an essay, an authorial voice  (or narrator) typically invites an implied reader  (the audience) to accept as authentic a certain textual mode of experience.   Definitions and Observations [An essay is a] composition, usually in prose.., which may be of only a few hundred words (like Bacons Essays) or of book length (like Lockes Essay Concerning Human Understanding) and which discusses, formally or informally, a topic or a variety of topics.(J.A. Cuddon, Dictionary of Literary Terms. Basil, 1991)Essays are how we speak to one another in print - caroming thoughts not merely in order to convey a certain packet of information, but with a special edge or bounce of personal character in a kind of public letter.(Edward Hoagland, Introduction, The Best American Essays: 1999. Houghton, 1999)[T]he essay traffics in fact and tells the truth, yet it seems to feel free to enliven, to shape, to embellish, to make use as necessary of elements of the imaginative and the fictive - thus its inclusion in that rather unfortunate current designation creative nonfiction.(G. Douglas Atkins, Reading Essays: An Invitation. University of Georgia Press, 2007) Montaignes Autobiographical EssaysAlthough Michel de Montaigne, who fathered the modern essay in the 16th century, wrote autobiographically (like the essayists who claim to be his followers today), his autobiography was always in the service of larger existential discoveries. He was forever on the lookout for life lessons. If he recounted the sauces he had for dinner and the stones that weighted his kidney, it was to find an element of truth that we could put in our pockets and carry away, that he could put in his own pocket. After all, Philosophy - which is what he thought he practiced in his essays, as had his idols, Seneca and Cicero, before him - is about learning to live. And here lies the problem with essayists today: not that they speak of themselves, but that they do so with no effort to make their experience relevant or useful to anyone else, with no effort to extract from it any generalizable insight into the human condition.(Cristina Nehring, What’s Wrong With the American Essay. Truthdig, Nov. 29, 2007) The Artful Formlessness of the Essay[G]ood essays are works of literary art. Their supposed formlessness is more a strategy to disarm the reader with the appearance of unstudied spontaneity than a reality of composition. . . .The essay form as a whole has long been associated with an experimental method. This idea goes back to Montaigne and his endlessly suggestive use of the term essai for his writing. To essay is to attempt, to test, to make a run at something without knowing whether you are going to succeed. The experimental association also derives from the other fountain-head of the essay, Francis Bacon, and his stress on the empirical inductive method, so useful in the development of the social sciences.(Phillip Lopate, The Art of the Personal Essay. Anchor, 1994) Articles vs. Essays[W]hat finally distinguishes an essay from an article may just be the authors gumption, the extent to which personal voice, vision, and style are the prime movers and shapers, even though the authorial I may be only a remote energy, nowhere visible but everywhere present.(Justin Kaplan, ed. The Best American Essays: 1990. Ticknor Fields, 1990)I am predisposed to the essay with knowledge to impart - but, unlike journalism, which exists primarily to present facts, the essays transcend their data, or transmute it into personal meaning. The memorable essay, unlike the article, is not place or time-bound; it survives the occasion of its original composition. Indeed, in the most brilliant essays, language is not merely the medium of communication; it is communication.(Joyce Carol Oates, quoted by Robert Atwan in The Best American Essays, College Edition, 2nd ed. Houghton Mifflin, 1998)I speak of a genuine essay because fakes abound. Here the old-fashioned term poetaste r may apply, if only obliquely. As the poetaster is to the poet - a lesser aspirant - so the average article is to the essay: a look-alike knockoff guaranteed not to wear well. An article is often gossip. An essay is reflection and insight. An article often has the temporary advantage of social heat - whats hot out there right now. An essays heat is interior. An article can be timely, topical, engaged in the issues and personalities of the moment; it is likely to be stale within the month. In five years it may have acquired the quaint aura of a rotary phone. An article is usually Siamese-twinned to its date of birth. An essay defies its date of birth - and ours, too. (A necessary caveat: some genuine essays are popularly called articles - but this is no more than an idle, though persistent, habit of speech. Whats in a name? The ephemeral is the ephemeral. The enduring is the enduring.)(Cynthia Ozick, SHE: Portrait of the Essay as a Warm Body. The Atlantic Monthly, September 1998) The Status of the EssayThough the essay has been a popular form of writing in British and American periodicals since the 18th century, until recently its status in the literary canon has been, at best, uncertain. Relegated to the composition class, frequently dismissed as mere journalism, and generally ignored as an object for serious academic study, the essay has sat, in James Thurbers phrase, on the edge of the chair of Literature.In recent years, however, prompted by both a renewed interest in rhetoric and by poststructuralist redefinitions of literature itself, the essay - as well as such related forms of literary nonfiction as biography, autobiography, and travel and nature writing - has begun to attract increasing critical attention and respect.(Richard Nordquist, Essay, in Encylopedia of American Literature, ed. S. R. Serafin. Continuum, 1999) The Contemporary EssayAt present, the American magazine essay, both the long feature piece and the critical essay, is flourishing, in unlikely circumstances...There are plenty of reasons for this. One is that magazines, big and small, are taking over some of the cultural and literary ground vacated by newspapers in their seemingly unstoppable evaporation. Another is that the contemporary essay has for some time now been gaining energy as an escape from, or rival to, the perceived conservatism of much mainstream fiction...So the contemporary essay is often to be seen engaged in acts of apparent anti-novelization: in place of plot, there is drift or the fracture of numbered paragraphs; in place of a frozen verisimilitude, there may be a sly and knowing movement between reality and fictionality; in place of the impersonal author of standard-issue third-person realism, the authorial self pops in and out of the picture, with a liberty hard to pull off in fiction.(James Wood, Reality Effec ts. The New Yorker, Dec. 19 26, 2011) The Lighter Side of Essays: The Breakfast Club Essay AssignmentAll right people, were going to try something a little different today. We are going to write an essay of not less than a thousand words describing to me who you think you are. And when I say essay, I mean essay, not one word repeated a thousand times. Is that clear, Mr. Bender?(Paul Gleason as Mr. Vernon)Saturday, March 24, 1984Shermer High SchoolShermer, Illinois 60062Dear Mr. Vernon,We accept the fact that we had to sacrifice a whole Saturday in detention for whatever it was we did wrong. What we did was wrong. But we think youre crazy to make us write this essay telling you who we think we are. What do you care? You see us as you want to see us - in the simplest terms, in the most convenient definitions. You see us as a brain, an athlete, a basket case, a princess and a criminal. Correct? Thats the way we saw each other at seven oclock this morning. We were brainwashed...But what we found out is that each one of us i s a brain and an athlete and a basket case, a princess, and a criminal. Does that answer your question?Sincerely yours,The Breakfast Club(Anthony Michael Hall as Brian Johnson, The Breakfast Club, 1985)

INTRODUCTION TO EDUCATIONAL AND SOCIAL RESEARCH Essay

INTRODUCTION TO EDUCATIONAL AND SOCIAL RESEARCH - Essay Example 3. Focus/scope The focus is comparing rationalistic and naturalistic paradigms in evaluating student teachers’ reflective practice held at Utrecht University and Trondheim University. 4. Location & Duration The locations of the study are Utrecht University and Trondheim University. The duration is a period of two to four months at the end of the teacher education programme. 5. Research Design & Methods Naturalistic (qualitative) method and mixed methods are used. The researchers have moved away from traditional research methods towards a concern for story-telling. 6. Key Concepts and Ideas The REFLECT project is linked to the postmodern period characterised by Guba and Lincoln or post-experimental enquiry. It involves two paradigms, rationalistic and naturalistic, in which the reflections of student teachers are compared through the Utrecht study and Trondheim study. 7. Key Findings, Recommendations, & Implications for Your Enquiry Interactions between communicating persons â €“ student teacher, teacher educator, and researcher -are the one creating â€Å"voices†. The researchers are part of the story they are telling. The researchers’ interpretation is the true voice of the refection in the study. The shift from a rationalistic perspective towards a more naturalistic one is mirrored in the Trondheim study. No recommendations are provided. The implications for my enquiry are that the paradigms can aid in evaluatinghow misbehavior of students may be affected on the teacher performance in classroom? Admiraal and Wubbels’ (2012) have focused on comparing two research approaches of reflective practice of two different modes of tele-guidance. This comparison is seen herein as an essential stance for the study in providing a clear view of the methodologies and approaches used. The purpose of this critical evaluation is to lay down the similarities and differences between two approaches in reflective thinking, aiming to draw inferences on how these approaches may be adopted to my own study, which is how misbehavior of students may affect the teacher’s performance in the classroom. The direction of Admiraal and Wubbels’ (2012) study to take on a storytelling method from the traditional research methods is congruent to its purpose and nature, being focused on comparing two research approaches of reflective practice of two different modes of tele-guidance. The position of the study is highlighted in the fact that it resulted in two different reports on student teachers’ reflective stances despite the fact that they share some perspectives on educational practices and reflections. Admiraal and Wubbels have emphasised that the different analyses and results are where the differences in beliefs in the Utrecht and Trondheim studies lie, apparently to see any alternatives to viewing the same phenomenon through two different lenses. This direction of the studies apparently seeks to adopt replicability by employing mixed methods and qualitative method respectively, called ‘convergence’ by Gorard and Taylor. Similarly, my study on how misbehavior of students may affect the teacher’s performance in the classroom shall take on a qualitative method and a case study design, which can be drawn from in-depth interviews and participant observation. The Utrecht and Trondheim studies are focused on adopting two different paradigms to seeing two student teaching practice environments, contrasting each other

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 12

Case study - Essay Example One thing which is common among them is that they all love their jobs, even if they are apparently difficult to others. All the job profiles mentioned in the examples are apparently tough and hectic, which provides challenging situations and huge work load. They also demands extensive attention and time devotion to an employee’s work life. In general, most of the employees would face exhaustion and burn out while working in this schedule (Burke & MacDermid, 1999), but these individuals mentioned in the examples, are driven by challenge and they are motivated by high target fulfilment. All of them work in respectable and well renowned companies and in reputable positions. Although, they have very little time for personal life, and their work-life balance is reduced to a minimum, they enjoy their work life more than their personal life. These individuals are all self-motivated; they are driven by tough challenges and high achievement of success. According to Douglas, and Morris (2006), most workaholic people work for personal desire, they are rarely driven by the future outcome, rather what push es them is the need to complete their task and reach their goal. They all push themselves out of their comfort zone, to achieve what most of the people cannot. Some of the jobs allow the employees to travel all around the world, which is preferred by a workaholic employee, but is seen as a hectic scheduled job by an average one. According to Koà §oglu, Gà ¼rkan, and Aktas (2014) challenging workload is one of the factors of job satisfaction. Workload can be overwhelming to employees if it exceeds the employees’ working ability. Eventually, it causes job dissatisfaction and psychological withdrawal from the job. On the other hand, too little work load can cause job dissatisfaction too, because the employee eventually feels frustrated and their morale goes down (Koà §oglu,